{"id":219,"date":"2020-03-11T18:00:22","date_gmt":"2020-03-11T22:00:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ajeziorski.ca\/podcast\/?p=219"},"modified":"2022-07-26T23:13:08","modified_gmt":"2022-07-27T03:13:08","slug":"05-lack-of-chemistry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ajeziorski.ca\/podcast\/05-lack-of-chemistry\/","title":{"rendered":"05: Lack of Chemistry"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em>&#8220;One thing that you can&#8217;t fake is chemistry&#8221;&nbsp; &#8211; Blake Shelton<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this installment of the <strong>Core Ideas<\/strong> podcast, our introduction to paleolimnology continues with a discussion about some physical and chemical indicators that can preserve in lake sediments. As this is a very broad topic, we attempted to categorize the indicators by analytical approach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Complete sediment cores:<\/em><\/strong><br>Many analyses require a sediment core to be sectioned into discrete intervals; however, the time to perform visual inspection for obvious colour and texture changes (e.g. varves) is <a href=\"https:\/\/ajeziorski.ca\/podcast\/04-mudslinging\/\">immediately after collection<\/a>. Furthermore, if a core can be brought to the laboratory intact (i.e. before sectioning) specialized core scanning equipment can measure:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) [metals analysis]<\/li><li>magnetic susceptibility [erosion events, core correlation, tephra layers]<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Inorganic geochemical methods:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>grain size [erosion, catchment dynamics]<\/li><li>loss on ignition (LOI) [% organic matter, %carbonate, %siliciclastic]<\/li><li>individual elements, metals and metalloids*<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><em>*When measuring individual components of bulk sediment, attention must be paid to whether the chosen indicator is mobile under certain conditions (i.e. pH, anoxia)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In contrast with the microscope approaches used for the <a href=\"https:\/\/ajeziorski.ca\/podcast\/02-bioindicators\/\">bioindicators we have previously discussed<\/a>, some biomarkers require chemical analyses (<em>although keep in mind this an arbitrary distinction<\/em>):<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>charcoal [fire history]<\/li><li>fossil pigments [algal composition]<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Spectral Inferences:<\/em><\/strong><br>Concentrations of fossil pigments are typically measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); however, general trends in the specific pigment chlorophyll <em>a<\/em> can also be characterized using visible reflectance spectroscopy (VRS). A similar approach has recently been developed to infer long-term trends in total organic carbon (TOC).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Stable Isotopes:<\/em><\/strong><br>In addition to the value radioisotopes have in determining the <a href=\"https:\/\/ajeziorski.ca\/podcast\/03-dating-struggles\/\">age of sediments<\/a>, differences in the concentrations of stable isotopes can be used to provide information on a wide variety of variables. Both from both analyses of bulk sediments as well as the isotopic content of other indicators preserved within the sediments (e.g. cellulose and ostracods).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Organic chemical indicators:<\/em><\/strong><br>Finally a wide variety of organic chemicals can be used to track various environmental issues of concern:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) [fossil fuels]<\/li><li>polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs ) [anthropogenic influence]<\/li><li>organochlorines [pesticides, agriculture]<\/li><li>brominated flame retardants<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/soundcloud.com\/coreideas\/ep-05-lack-of-chemistry\">Episode 05 can be found here<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Next time we will look at how long-term changes in paleolimnological indicators can be put to use in environmental reconstructions.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8220;One thing that you can&#8217;t fake is chemistry&#8221;&nbsp; &#8211; Blake Shelton In this installment of the Core Ideas podcast, our&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":343,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[218],"tags":[61,13,54,53,58,50,52,51,63,59,62,49,46,57,60,47,56,55,48],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v19.13 - 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